FBAR: Civil Pentalties
IRS FBAR FAQ #15 (posted on 5/06/09) states: Taxpayers who fail to report foreign bank/financial accounts face civil penalties (based on the entity tax reporting due).
What are some of the civil penalties that might apply if I don’t come in under voluntary disclosure and the IRS finds me? How do they work?
The following is a summary of potential reporting requirements and civil penalties that could apply to a taxpayer, depending on his or her particular facts and circumstances.
• A penalty for failing to file the Form TD F 90-22.1 (Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, commonly known as an “FBAR”). United States citizens, residents and certain other persons must annually report their direct or indirect financial interest in, or signature authority (or other authority that is comparable to signature authority) over, a financial account that is maintained with a financial institution located in a foreign country if, for any calendar year, the aggregate value of all foreign accounts exceeded $10,000 at any time during the year. Generally, the civil penalty for willfully failing to file an FBAR can be as high as the greater of $100,000 or 50 percent of the total balance of the foreign account. See 31 U.S.C. § 5321(a)(5). Nonwillful violations are subject to a civil penalty of not more than $10,000.
• A penalty for failing to file Form 3520, Annual Return to Report Transactions With Foreign Trusts and Receipt of Certain Foreign Gifts. Taxpayers must also report various transactions involving foreign trusts, including creation of a foreign trust by a United States person, transfers of property from a United States person to a foreign trust and receipt of distributions from foreign trusts under section 6048. This return also reports the receipt of gifts from foreign entities under section 6039F. The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns, or for filing an incomplete return, is 35 percent of the gross reportable amount, except for returns reporting gifts, where the penalty is five percent of the gift per month, up to a maximum penalty of 25 percent of the gift.
• A penalty for failing to file Form 3520-A, Information Return of Foreign Trust With a U.S. Owner. Taxpayers must also report ownership interests in foreign trusts, by United States persons with various interests in and powers over those trusts under section 6048(b). The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns or for filing an incomplete return, is five percent of the gross value of trust assets determined to be owned bythe United States person.
• A penalty for failing to file Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Person with Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations. Certain United States persons who are officers, directors or shareholders in certain foreign corporations (including International Business Corporations) are required to report information under sections 6035, 6038 and 6046. The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns is $10,000, with an additional $10,000 added for each month the failure continues beginning 90 days after the taxpayer is notified of the delinquency, up to a maximum of $50,000 per return.
• A penalty for failing to file Form 5472, Information Return of a 25% Foreign-Owned U.S. Corporation or a Foreign Corporation Engaged in a U.S. Trade or Business. Taxpayers may be required to report transactions between a 25 percent foreign-owned domestic corporation or a foreign corporation engaged in a trade or business in the United States and a related party as required by sections 6038A and 6038C. The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns, or to keep certain records regarding reportable transactions, is $10,000, with an additional $10,000 added for each month the failure continues beginning 90 days after the taxpayer is notified of the delinquency, up to a maximum of $50,000 per return.
• A penalty for failing to file Form 926, Return by a U.S. Transferor of Property to a Foreign Corporation. Taxpayers are required to report transfers of property to foreign corporations and other information under section 6038B. The penalty for failing to file each one of these information returns is ten percent of the value of the property transferred, up to a maximum of $100,000 per return, with no limit if the failure to report the transfer was intentional.
• A penalty for failing to file Form 8865, Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Partnerships. United States persons with certain interests in foreign partnerships use this form to report interests in and transactions of the foreign partnerships, transfers of property to the foreign partnerships, and acquisitions, dispositions and changes in foreign partnership interests under sections 6038, 6038B, and 6046A. Penalties include $10,000 for failure to file each return, with an additional $10,000 added for each month the failure continues beginning 90 days after the taxpayer is notified of the delinquency, up to a maximum of $50,000 per return, and ten percent of the value of any transferred property that is not reported, subject to a $100,000 limit.
• Fraud penalties imposed under sections 6651(f) or 6663. Where an underpayment of tax, or a failure to file a tax return, is due to fraud, the taxpayer is liable for penalties that, although calculated differently, essentially amount to 75 percent of the unpaid tax.
• A penalty for failing to file a tax return imposed under section 6651(a)(1). Generally, taxpayers are required to file income tax returns. If a taxpayer fails to do so, a penalty of 5 percent of the balance due, plus an additional 5 percent for each month or fraction thereof during which the failure continues may be imposed. The penalty shall not exceed 25 percent.
• A penalty for failing to pay the amount of tax shown on the return under section 6651(a)(2). If a taxpayer fails to pay the amount of tax shown on the return, he or she may be liable for a penalty of .5 percent of the amount of tax shown on the return, plus an additional .5 percent for each additional month or fraction thereof that the amount remains unpaid, not exceeding 25 percent.
• An accuracy-related penalty on underpayments imposed under section 6662. Depending upon which component of the accuracy-related penalty is applicable, a taxpayer may be liable for a 20 percent or 40 percent penalty.
FBAR Filing: Statute of Limitations
On 6/24/09, in FAQ #31, the IRS confirmed they will be able to assess taxes under a 6 year statute of limitations if the IRS can prove a substantial omission of gross income:
How can the IRS propose adjustments to tax for a six-year period without either an agreement from the taxpayer or a statutory exception to the normal three-year statute of limitations for making those adjustments?
Going back six years is part of the resolution offered by the IRS for resolving offshore voluntary disclosures. The taxpayer must agree to assessment of the liabilities for those years in order to get the benefit of the reduced penalty framework. If the taxpayer does not agree to the tax, interest and penalty proposed by the voluntary disclosure examiner, the case will be referred to the field for a complete examination. In that examination, normal statute of limitations rules will apply. If no exception to the normal three-year statute applies, the IRS will only be able to assess tax, penalty and interest for three years. However, if the period of limitations was open because, for example, the IRS can prove a substantial omission of gross income, six years of liability may be assessed. Similarly, if there was a failure to file certain information returns, such as Form 3520 or Form 5471, the statute of limitations will not have begun to run. If the IRS can prove fraud, there is no statute of limitations for assessing tax.
FBAR: Foreign Land and Artwork
On 6/24/09, the IRS updated their Voluntary Disclosure FAQ clarifying the FBAR reporting requirements for foreign land and artwork owned in the taxpayer’s own name.
In FAQ #37, the IRS confirmed that the FBAR filing for foreign land and artwork owned in the taxpayer’s own name, is due once the asset becomes income-producing (i.e., yields current income, or gain from the sale).
If the foreign land/artwork is held in an entity, the taxpayer is required to file tax information returns (Trust: Form 3520) (Corporation: Form 5471).
Re: FAQ 20 A taxpayer owns valuable land and artwork located in a foreign jurisdiction. This property produces no income and there were no reporting requirements regarding this property. Must the taxpayer report the land and artwork and pay a 20 percent penalty?
FAQ 20 relates to income producing property for which no income was reported. Under those circumstances, no distinction is made between assets held directly and assets held through an entity in computing the 20 percent offshore penalty. However, if the taxpayer owns nonincome producing property in the taxpayer’s own name, there has been no U.S. taxable event and no reporting obligation to disclose. The taxpayer will be required to report any current income from the property or gain from its sale or other disposition at such time in the future as the income is realized. Because there has as yet been no tax noncompliance, the 20 percent offshore penalty would not apply to those assets. If the foreign assets were held in the name of an entity such as a trust or corporation, there would have been an information return filing obligation that may need to be disclosed.
FBAR: Foreign Accounts with Multiple Signatories
On 6/24/09, the IRS updated their Voluntary Disclosure FAQ clarifying the FBAR reporting requirements for foreign accounts with multiple signatories:
If parents have a jointly owned foreign account on which they have made their children signatories, the children have an FBAR filing requirement but no income. Should the children just file delinquent FBARs as described by FAQ 9 and have the parents submit a voluntary disclosure? Will both parents be penalized 20 percent each? Will each have a 20 percent penalty on 50 percent of the balance?
Only one 20 percent offshore penalty will be applied with respect to voluntary disclosures relating to the same account. In the example, the parents will be jointly required to pay a single 20 percent penalty on the account. This can be through one parent paying the total penalty or through each paying a portion, at the taxpayers’ option. For those signatories with no ownership interest in the account, such as the children in these facts, they may file delinquent FBARs with no penalty as described in FAQs 9 and 41. However, any joint account owner who does not make a voluntary disclosure may be examined and subject to all appropriate penalties.
If there are multiple individuals with signature authority over a trust account, does everyone involved need to file delinquent FBARs? If so, could everyone be subject to a 20 percent offshore penalty?
Only one 20 percent offshore penalty will be applied with respect to voluntary disclosures relating to the same account. The penalty may be allocated among the taxpayers making the disclosures in any way they choose. The reporting requirements for filing an FBAR, however, do not change. Therefore, every individual who is required to file an FBAR must file one.
14,700 Offshore Tax Evaders Settle with IRS
Filed under: IRS, tax evasion, unreported income, voluntary disclosure
Previous estimates by the IRS project in excess of 700,000 unreported Foreign Bank Accounts (held by U.S. Taxpayers). Under the 2009 voluntary disclosure “last chance” compliance initiative 14,700 U.S Taxpayers came forward (approximately 2% of the undisclosed accounts).
Approximately 98% of U.S. Taxpayers’ foreign bank accounts still remain unreported.
Slew of offshore tax evaders settle with IRS
From MSNBC.com (11/17/09)
MIAMI - More than 14,700 U.S. taxpayers came forward to disclose billions in offshore bank accounts in 70 countries under a voluntary Internal Revenue Service program allowing most to avoid criminal prosecution as long as they pay what they owe, IRS officials said Tuesday…
“It shows we are serious about piercing the veil of bank secrecy,” he said. “The whole game has changed.”
Also Tuesday, the IRS and Swiss unveiled the criteria being used to determine which American UBS accounts will be disclosed under the August agreement.
Accounts being targeted include those that contained 1 million or more Swiss francs at any time between 2001 and 2008; instances in which there was clear fraudulent actions, such as false documents; and accounts that earned an average of 100,000 francs a year for at least three years.
The equivalent amounts in U.S. dollars vary widely depending on the year, as the dollar lost over a third of its value against the Swiss franc during that period. One million francs was worth about $600,000 in 2001, compared with about $900,000 seven years later.
Click here for complete article.
In related news, from the Wall St Journal (11/18/09),
Swiss to Turn Over U.S. Tax Names
IRS Chief Pleased With Offshore Amnesty Haul
by Leroy Baker, Tax-News.com October 16, 2009
US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Commissioner Doug Shulman has said that he is pleased with the response to the agency’s voluntary offshore bank account disclosure scheme, the deadline for which passed on October 15.
According to Shulman, the IRS received some 7,500 applications for the scheme, with disclosures ranging from USD10,000 to as much as USD100m associated with foreign bank accounts in all corners of the globe.
The latest offshore disclosure initiative seems to have been much more successful than a similar scheme administered by the IRS in 2004 known as the Offshore Voluntary Compliance Initiative. Under the 2004 amnesty, only 1,300 individuals came forward and the IRS collected about USD170m in unpaid tax. Shulman, however, has not disclosed how much the 2009 scheme will bring in for the Treasury, but it is certain to be a much higher figure.
The latest amnesty scheme was launched by the agency in March this year, and is just one of the many initiatives being used by the Obama administration to ensure that offshore income, both personal and corporate, is taxed in the US. Under the terms of the 2009 scheme, those making a voluntary disclosure about money held overseas face a penalty of 20% of the highest aggregate value of the account on one day in the last six years. The IRS also removed the threat of criminal prosecution. Ordinarily, if a taxpayer is discovered to have undeclared offshore income or assets, they face penalties up to 100% and possible jail time. The original deadline was set for September 23, but the IRS extended the amnesty until October 15 after it received an influx of requests from tax practitioners who themselves have been inundated with enquires about the scheme from their clients. Shulman warned that no further extensions will be granted, and that the agency will be unlikely to run another amnesty program any time soon.
Buoyed by the success of the 2009 amnesty, Shulman has revealed that the IRS is opening more representative offices abroad in places like Panama, China and Australia, and will also increase staffing levels in existing overseas offices, which include Barbados and Hong Kong.
The agency is also to create a dedicated team of enforcement and investigation officers to chase up wealthy individuals with complex, often international-based, financial arrangements, and President Obama’s 2010 budget includes extra resources for the IRS to hire almost 800 additional enforcement personnel.
Amnesty Deadline Extended for Offshore Accounts
Amnesty Deadline Extended for Offshore Accounts
The NYTimes.com is reporting that the IRS is extending its amnesty program to October 14, 2009.
…The so-called voluntary disclosure program, which began in March as a way of luring American clients of the Swiss bank UBS out of the woodwork, has attracted 3,000 taxpayers so far, compared with just 80 last year…
Click link above for complete article.
FBAR: Amended Tax Returns, and the Risks of Voluntary Disclosure
U.S. Taxpayers who fail to report offshore accounts by filing FBAR (TD F 90.22-1) face criminal and civil penalties:
1. Failure to Report Income
(3 Felonies and 1 Misdemeanor) up to 14 years in jail, plus 75% Civil Tax Fraud Penalty, 25% Failure to Pay Tax Penalty.
2. Failure to File FBAR’s
(a maximum annual penalty of 50% of the account balance, up to 10 years in jail a $500,000 fine).
3. Perjury
Taxpayers Form 1040/Schedule B must declare whether Taxpayers have any authority over, or interest in foreign accounts with a total of more than $10,000.
In the IRS 6/24/09 FAQ update, the IRS stated:
What is the distinction between filing amended returns to correct errors and filing a voluntary disclosure?
An amended return is the proper vehicle to correct an error on a filed return, whether a taxpayer receives a refund or owes additional tax. A voluntary disclosure is a truthful, timely and complete communication to the IRS in which a taxpayer shows a willingness to cooperate (and does in fact cooperate) with the IRS in determining the taxpayer’s correct tax liability and makes arrangements in good faith to fully pay that liability. Filing correct amended returns is normally a part of the process of making a voluntary disclosure under IRM 9.5.11.9.
Taxpayers and practitioners trying to decide whether to simply file an amended return with a Service Center or to make a formal voluntary disclosure under the process described in IRM 9.5.11.9 and the March 23, 2009 memoranda should consider the nature of the error they are trying to correct. Taxpayers with undisclosed foreign accounts or entities should consider making a voluntary disclosure because it enables them to become compliant, avoid substantial civil penalties and generally eliminate the risk of criminal prosecution. Making a voluntary disclosure also provides the opportunity to calculate, with a reasonable degree of certainty, the total cost of resolving all offshore tax issues. It is anticipated that the voluntary disclosure process is appropriate for most taxpayers who have underreported their income with respect to offshore accounts and assets. However, there will be some cases, such as where a taxpayer has reported all income but failed to file the FBAR (FAQ 9), or only failed to file information returns (FAQ 42), where it remains appropriate for the taxpayer to simply file amended returns with the applicable Service Center (with copies to the Philadelphia office listed in FAQ 9).
The IRS stated position is that a Taxpayer’s voluntary disclosure entitles the Taxpayer to become compliant, avoid substantial civil penalties and generally eliminate the risk of criminal prosecution.
In reality, a taxpayer who makes a voluntary disclosure may:
1. Spotlight their “tax crimes”
2. If the voluntary disclosure is not accepted, jeopardize them and subject them to criminal prosecution
The IRS SBSE 3/23/09 memorandum, Subject: Routing of Voluntary Disclosure Cases, which addresses a change in the processing of voluntary disclosure requests containing offshore issues.
1. Such requests will continue to be initially screened by Criminal Investigation to determine eligibility for voluntary disclosure, and, if involving only domestic issues will be forwarded to Area Planning and Special Programs for Civil Processing;
2. Voluntary disclosure eligibility for offshore issues will be initially screened by Criminal Investigation and forwarded to the Philadelphia Offshore Identification Unit (POIU) for processing.
Voluntary Disclosure risks include:
1. Heightened risk of criminal prosecution (since initial screening is by the IRS Criminal Investigation Division);
2. A voluntary disclosure may be used as an evidentiary admission of Taxpayer’s unreported income;
3. A voluntary disclosure may waive Taxpayer’s 5th Amendment right against self-incrimination;
4. While a voluntary disclosure is pending the IRS may request more information, commence an audit or initiate criminal prosecution.
As an alternative strategy to a voluntary disclosure, the “quiet filing” (for the Tax Years at issue) of an amended tax return (or original tax return) may instead:
1. Pre-empt criminal charges for the failure to file FBAR returns, Form 1040 tax returns and failure to pay tax;
2. Pre-empt a 75% civil tax fraud penalty, for failure to file or pay tax and a 25% failure to pay tax penalty;
3. If the income is properly reported (i.e., no substantial understatments which are subject to a 6 year statute of limitations), the tax filing will commence the 3 year statute of limitations (for each year) for IRS audit.
Voluntary Disclosure
From IRS.gov
Taxpayers with unreported income relating to offshore transactions who wish to voluntarily disclose the information to the IRS can find information on the process.
For a complete understanding of the voluntary disclosure procedures, see Internal Revenue Manual (IRM) 9.5.11.9
Taxpayers wanting to participate in the IRS voluntary disclosure process should call the phone number associated with the state in which they reside. See Contact IRS About Voluntary Disclosure. (Updated 7/29/09)
See also Voluntary Disclosure: Questions and Answers re: the voluntary disclosure process and undisclosed offshore accounts (Updated 8/25/2009).
IRS Releases Streamlined Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Form
The IRS has posted to its Web site a three-page “optional format” short form for taxpayers to use when applying for the Voluntary Disclosure Program. The form asks taxpayers to estimate the annual highest aggregate value for their offshore accounts or assets for the years 2003–2008. It also requires them to list estimated total unreported income from offshore accounts for each of those years.
For accounts or assets for which the taxpayer has control or is a beneficial owner, the form requires taxpayers to list any and all financial institutions and the country where the institution is located. Taxpayers must also explain the purpose for establishing the offshore account and list each person or entity affiliated with the account.
Affected taxpayers have until Sept. 23 to apply to participate in the Voluntary Disclosure Program. Under the program, taxpayers making voluntary disclosures of offshore noncompliance can avoid the foreign bank and financial account balance nondisclosure penalty provisions and other provisions pertaining to various information returns. The IRS has published local phone numbers in 50 states and 9 foreign countries that taxpayers can use to contact the IRS about voluntary disclosure.
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